Difference between revisions of "Colloquialisms"

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Colloquialisms refer to expressions that are colloquial or informal, which are not incorrect, but are dispreferred, e.g., for academic and/or formal writing. Some of the terms below are more informal, general, or vague, and are less commonly used in academic writing; the more formal alternatives are preferred.  
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Colloquialisms refer to expressions that are colloquial, that is, conversational or very informal style. These are not incorrect, but are dispreferred for academic context, such as formal professional, academic or business discourse, or formal academic or business writing. Some colloquial expressions are more informal, general, or vague, and are less commonly used in academic writing; the more formal alternatives are preferred. See also the page on [[informal expressions]] for more examples and types of informal expressions.  
  
  
 
==General==
 
==General==
 
Some general issues and features of colloquial writing style.  
 
Some general issues and features of colloquial writing style.  
* Using standard contractions instead of writing full forms (e.g., ''don't → do not'', ''can't → can not / cannot'')
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* [[Unprofessional tone]] or negative tone
* [[Colloquial contractions]], e.g., ''doncha, woulda''
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* Use of dialogue style, question and answer style, quoted expressions
* [[Unprofessional tone]]
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* Using quotation marks to highlight new terms or key terms
* Slang terms
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* Overuse of  quotations
* Informal idioms
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* Informal vocabulary, such as terms in the sections below.
* Vulgar or taboo expressions
 
  
  
==Nouns==
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;Slang terms:
 +
* Hey, that's cool. Colorado has legalized weed, so we can buy some grass and get toked.
 +
 +
 
 +
;Informal idioms:
 +
This can include common idioms, cliché expressions (overused common expressions), and aphorisms (common expressions that convey general truths or sentiments).
 +
* That's putting the cart before the horse.
 +
* It's driving me up the wall.
 +
* Hey, you have to start somewhere.
 +
* If it ain't broke, don't fix it.
 +
* But very cloud has a silver lining.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
;Regional expressions, or dialect forms of English:
 +
* They had to schlep / lug that heavy sofa to the second floor. ("schlep" = New York slang; "lug" = Southern US slang)
 +
 
 +
 
 +
;Expletives, and vulgar or taboo expressions:
 +
* pissed, bloody, damn, hell, heck
 +
 +
 
 +
;Sexist or racist language:
 +
* biddy, old hag, old goat, honkey (and many others that cannot be printed here)
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Nouns and pronouns==
 +
 
 +
;Nouns: 
 
In many contexts, these terms might be vague or too non-specific, and would be better if replaced by a more specific noun, which will depend on the context.   
 
In many contexts, these terms might be vague or too non-specific, and would be better if replaced by a more specific noun, which will depend on the context.   
 +
* person, people → individual, Canadians, researchers, subjects, voters, males, participants ... 
 +
* thing →  object, device, item, situation, circumstance, subject, element ...
 +
* part → portion, section, sector, segment, aspect
 +
* way (e.g., a way to do something) → manner, method, means, methodology, instrument, aspect
 +
 +
 +
;Personal pronouns:
 +
The second person ''you'' in writing sounds very informal or personal, and it is generally avoided in all forms of academic writing. Likewise, second-person verb forms are avoided. The first person ''I'' and ''we'' can sound informal, especially the singular ''I'' and ''me''. These are generally avoided in formal writing, except when the authors need to comment directly, e.g., when explaining their rationale for doing something. First person is rarely used in science writing, occasionally in social science writing, and somewhat more often in humanities writing, such as in literature studies. If first person is needed, ''we'' is better than ''I''.
 +
 +
 +
;Indefinite pronouns:
 +
* someone → an individual, a Canadian, a participant
 +
* something → an object, a device, an item
  
{| class="wikitable"
 
! colloquial !! more formal
 
|-
 
| person, people, someone (often vague) || individual, Canadians, researchers, subjects, voters, males, participants ... 
 
|-
 
| thing || object, device, item, situation, circumstance, subject, element ...
 
|-
 
| man || males, (male) participants / subjects, male voters, etc.
 
|-
 
| women || females, (female) participants, etc.
 
|-
 
| part || portion, section, sector, segment, aspect
 
|-
 
| way (e.g., a way to do something) || manner, method, means, methodology, instrument, aspect
 
|}
 
  
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==Verbs==
 +
;Second person:
 +
Second person verb forms, including commands aimed at the reader, are dispreferred and are rare in formal writing, e.g., ''Don't ever do this at home.''
  
==Light verbs==
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;Contractions:
These are common, everyday verbs that are rather non-specific in meaning. These are distinguished from other verbs, in that (1) they are the first verbs learned in the language; (2) they have a great variety of meanings, and thus can be less specific semantically; and (3) they are often used in idioms, set expressions, and collocational expressions. In academic writing, many times it is better if these can be replaced with more specific verbs, and the choice will depend on the context. However, in set expressions like 'get married' it may be difficult to replace them.
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Contractions, especially [[colloquial contractions]], are colloquial; e.g., ''ain't it?'' → isn't it?, is it not, is it not so?; (UK English) ''innit?'' → ''isn't it, is it not?''  
  
{| class="wikitable"
 
! light verb !! more specific
 
|-
 
| be || exist, occur, equal, consist of, comprise (of), typify, appear, seem, tend...
 
|-
 
| have || possess, contain, exhibit ... <br> In descriptive phrases, '''have''' can be replaced with '''with''', e.g. "A patient who had the flu" → "A patient with the flu"
 
|-
 
| give || provide, yield, produce, lead to, impart...
 
|-
 
| do || perform, execute, carry out, implement, manage...
 
|-
 
| make || create, produce, facilitate...
 
|-
 
| go, run, come || proceed, journey, travel, progress, exceed...
 
|-
 
| set, put || place, position, arrange...
 
|}
 
  
 +
;Light verbs:
 +
These are very common, everyday verbs that are rather general in meaning. 
 +
* be →  exist, occur, equal, consist of, comprise (of)
 +
* have → possess, contain, exhibit
 +
* give → provide, yield, produce, lead to, impart
 +
* do → perform, execute, carry out, implement, manage
 +
* make → create, produce, facilitate
 +
* go, run, come → proceed, journey, travel, progress, exceed
  
  
==Phrasal verbs==
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;Phrasal verbs:
When possible, phrasal verbs should be replaced with more formal verbs (of Latin origin). For example, many ESL students use '''find out''' when a better expression for formal writing would be '''discover, determine, ascertain'''. Since phrasal verbs often have many meanings, the choice will depend on the context.
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When possible, phrasal verbs should be replaced with more formal verbs. For a more complete list, see the page on [[informal expressions]].
 +
* find out → find, discover, ascertain, determine, decide on, assess
 +
* get over → recover
 +
* go out → exit, diminish, leave, depart, extinguish, cease, die, dim, expire, subside, decline, dwindle, recede, quit, retire, withdraw
 +
* take out → excise, remove, clear, exclude, omit, extirpate, destroy
  
{| class="wikitable"
 
! phrasal verb !! more specific
 
|-
 
| find out || find, discover, ascertain, determine, decide on, assess
 
|-
 
| go out || exit, diminish, leave, depart, extinguish, cease, die, dim, expire, subside, decline, dwindle, recede, quit, retire, withdraw
 
|-
 
| go around || circumvent, circumnavigate, sidestep, ignore, rotate, gyrate, orbit, circumduct, twist, revolve, meander, ramble
 
|-
 
| take out || excise, remove, clear, exclude, omit, extirpate, destroy
 
|}
 
  
  
 
==Adjectives, adverbials, & other modifiers ==
 
==Adjectives, adverbials, & other modifiers ==
 
In many contexts, these terms might be vague or too non-specific, and would be better if replaced by a more specific word, which will depend on the context.   
 
In many contexts, these terms might be vague or too non-specific, and would be better if replaced by a more specific word, which will depend on the context.   
 
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* bad negative, pejorative, poor, ineffective, adverse
{| class="wikitable"
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* big, huge large, significant, enormous, incredible, gargantuan, gigantic, massive  
! colloquial !! more formal
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* a bit, a little bit slightly, somewhat  
|-
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* good sufficient, excellent, optimal, ideal, studious, prime, positive, effective, beneficial
| bad || negative, pejorative, poor, ineffective, adverse...
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* kind of, sort of somewhat, slightly  
|-
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* a lot of, lots of many, numerous, a large number / amount of
| big, huge || large, significant, enormous, incredible, gargantuan, gigantic, massive  
 
|-
 
| a bit, a little bit || slightly, somewhat  
 
|-
 
| good || sufficient, excellent, optimal, ideal, studious, prime, positive, effective, beneficial
 
|-
 
| kind of, sort of || somewhat, slightly  
 
|-
 
| a lot of, lots of || many, numerous, a large number / amount of
 
|-
 
| tiny || small, very small, minute
 
|}
 
  
  
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==Discourse management  expressions ==
  
==Transitional / connector expressions ==
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;Discourse markers:
 +
* anyway(s): This is conversational, and can be deleted. 
 +
* besides → ''in addition to, furthermore''
 +
* first of all → first
 +
* nowadays → currently, recently
 +
* whether or not → whether
  
{| class="wikitable"
 
! colloquial !! more formal
 
|-
 
| anyway || This is used informally for changing topics; in formal writing, simply starting a sentence with a full noun topic, or starting a new paragraph, will often suffice.
 
|-
 
| besides || More formal alternatives are ‘in addition to’ or ‘furthermore’ - e.g., “In addition to these factors, ...”.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| first of all || first
 
|-
 
| like || (is) similar to; for example, as, such as (As a connector, ''like'' can seem slightly colloquial. However, as a conjunction before verb phrases, or as a preposition, ''like'' is generally fine in contemporary formal English)
 
|-
 
| nowadays || currently, recently
 
|-
 
| whether or not || whether
 
|}
 
  
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;Conversational discourse particles:
 +
These can generally be deleted.
 +
* Like: "It was <s>like</s>, extremely huge.
 +
* Okay
 +
* Uh, um
  
Here are some examples of the more informal ''like'', and more formal counterparts. Here, the informal ''like'' is used as a conjunction.
 
* Don't do like what she did. → Do not do as she has done.
 
* Activities like smoking and drinking are not allowed here. → Activities such as smoking and drinking are not allowed here.
 
  
Some examples of ''like'' that are perfectly fine, particularly when it is used as a preposition.  
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;Comment clauses:
* We don't want any characters like him around.
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These can generally be delted.  
* She looks just like me.
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* I think
 +
* You know
  
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 
# [[Reporting_verbs_(introduction)#Easily confused verbs | Easily confused verbs]] such as ''say, tell, talk''
 
# [[Reporting_verbs_(introduction)#Easily confused verbs | Easily confused verbs]] such as ''say, tell, talk''
 +
# [[Informal expressions]] for more examples and types of informal expressions.
 +
  
  
 
[[Category:Academic writing]] [[Category:Vocabulary]]  [[Category:Style]]
 
[[Category:Academic writing]] [[Category:Vocabulary]]  [[Category:Style]]

Latest revision as of 06:14, 24 November 2019

Colloquialisms refer to expressions that are colloquial, that is, conversational or very informal style. These are not incorrect, but are dispreferred for academic context, such as formal professional, academic or business discourse, or formal academic or business writing. Some colloquial expressions are more informal, general, or vague, and are less commonly used in academic writing; the more formal alternatives are preferred. See also the page on informal expressions for more examples and types of informal expressions.


1 General

Some general issues and features of colloquial writing style.

  • Unprofessional tone or negative tone
  • Use of dialogue style, question and answer style, quoted expressions
  • Using quotation marks to highlight new terms or key terms
  • Overuse of quotations
  • Informal vocabulary, such as terms in the sections below.


Slang terms
  • Hey, that's cool. Colorado has legalized weed, so we can buy some grass and get toked.


Informal idioms

This can include common idioms, cliché expressions (overused common expressions), and aphorisms (common expressions that convey general truths or sentiments).

  • That's putting the cart before the horse.
  • It's driving me up the wall.
  • Hey, you have to start somewhere.
  • If it ain't broke, don't fix it.
  • But very cloud has a silver lining.


Regional expressions, or dialect forms of English
  • They had to schlep / lug that heavy sofa to the second floor. ("schlep" = New York slang; "lug" = Southern US slang)


Expletives, and vulgar or taboo expressions
  • pissed, bloody, damn, hell, heck


Sexist or racist language
  • biddy, old hag, old goat, honkey (and many others that cannot be printed here)


2 Nouns and pronouns

Nouns

In many contexts, these terms might be vague or too non-specific, and would be better if replaced by a more specific noun, which will depend on the context.

  • person, people → individual, Canadians, researchers, subjects, voters, males, participants ...
  • thing → object, device, item, situation, circumstance, subject, element ...
  • part → portion, section, sector, segment, aspect
  • way (e.g., a way to do something) → manner, method, means, methodology, instrument, aspect


Personal pronouns

The second person you in writing sounds very informal or personal, and it is generally avoided in all forms of academic writing. Likewise, second-person verb forms are avoided. The first person I and we can sound informal, especially the singular I and me. These are generally avoided in formal writing, except when the authors need to comment directly, e.g., when explaining their rationale for doing something. First person is rarely used in science writing, occasionally in social science writing, and somewhat more often in humanities writing, such as in literature studies. If first person is needed, we is better than I.


Indefinite pronouns
  • someone → an individual, a Canadian, a participant
  • something → an object, a device, an item


3 Verbs

Second person

Second person verb forms, including commands aimed at the reader, are dispreferred and are rare in formal writing, e.g., Don't ever do this at home.

Contractions

Contractions, especially colloquial contractions, are colloquial; e.g., ain't it? → isn't it?, is it not, is it not so?; (UK English) innit?isn't it, is it not?


Light verbs

These are very common, everyday verbs that are rather general in meaning.

  • be → exist, occur, equal, consist of, comprise (of)
  • have → possess, contain, exhibit
  • give → provide, yield, produce, lead to, impart
  • do → perform, execute, carry out, implement, manage
  • make → create, produce, facilitate
  • go, run, come → proceed, journey, travel, progress, exceed


Phrasal verbs

When possible, phrasal verbs should be replaced with more formal verbs. For a more complete list, see the page on informal expressions.

  • find out → find, discover, ascertain, determine, decide on, assess
  • get over → recover
  • go out → exit, diminish, leave, depart, extinguish, cease, die, dim, expire, subside, decline, dwindle, recede, quit, retire, withdraw
  • take out → excise, remove, clear, exclude, omit, extirpate, destroy


4 Adjectives, adverbials, & other modifiers

In many contexts, these terms might be vague or too non-specific, and would be better if replaced by a more specific word, which will depend on the context.

  • bad → negative, pejorative, poor, ineffective, adverse
  • big, huge → large, significant, enormous, incredible, gargantuan, gigantic, massive
  • a bit, a little bit → slightly, somewhat
  • good → sufficient, excellent, optimal, ideal, studious, prime, positive, effective, beneficial
  • kind of, sort of → somewhat, slightly
  • a lot of, lots of → many, numerous, a large number / amount of


5 Discourse management expressions

Discourse markers
  • anyway(s): This is conversational, and can be deleted.
  • besides → in addition to, furthermore
  • first of all → first
  • nowadays → currently, recently
  • whether or not → whether


Conversational discourse particles

These can generally be deleted.

  • Like: "It was like, extremely huge.
  • Okay
  • Uh, um


Comment clauses

These can generally be delted.

  • I think
  • You know


6 See also

  1. Easily confused verbs such as say, tell, talk
  2. Informal expressions for more examples and types of informal expressions.