Phoenician based alphabets
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The following alphabets are derived from the ancient Phoenician abjad writing system.
Phoenician letter | Name | Possible meaning | Phonetic value | Origin | Hebrew | Arabic | Ethiopian Ge'ez | Greek | Egyptian Coptic | Old Italic | Germanic Runes | Latin | Slavic Cyrillic | Georgian | Armenian |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
𐤀 | ʾalp | ox | ʾ [ ʔ] | 𓃾 | א | ﺍ | አ | Αα | Ⲁⲁ | 𐌀 | ᚨ | Aa | Аа | ა/ⴀ/Ⴀ | Ա/ա |
𐤁 | bēt | house, cow | b [ b] | 𓉐 | ב | ﺏ | በ | Ββ | Ⲃⲃ | 𐌁 | ᛒ | Bb | Бб, Вв | ბ/ⴁ/Ⴁ | Բ/բ |
𐤂 | gimel | throwing stick, camel, calf, drink | g [ ɡ] | 𓌙 | ג | ﺝ | ገ | Γγ | Ⲅⲅ | 𐌂 | ᚷ, ᛃ | Cc, Gg | Гг, Ґґ | გ/ⴂ/Ⴂ | Գ/գ |
𐤃 | dalt | door, udder, bucket | d [ d] | 𓇯 | ד | د, ذ | ደ | Δδ | Ⲇⲇ | 𐌃 | ᛞ | Dd | Дд | დ/ⴃ/Ⴃ | Դ/դ |
𐤄 | hē | window, feather, pen | h [ h] | 𓀠 | ה | ه | ሀ | Εε | Ⲉⲉ | 𐌄 | ᛖ | Ee | Ее, Єє, Ээ | ე/ⴄ/Ⴄ | Ե/ե, Է/է, Ը/ը |
𐤅 | wāw | hook, hoe | w [ w] | 𓏲 | ו | ﻭ | ወ | ( Ϝϝ), Υυ | Ⲩⲩ | 𐌅, 𐌖 | ᚹ | Ff, Uu, Vv, Yy, Ww | ( Ѵѵ), Уу, Ўў | ვ/ⴅ/Ⴅ | Վ/վ |
𐤆 | zēn | weapon, plough, grain-wagon | z [ d͡z] | 𓏭 | ז | ﺯ | ዘ | Ζζ | Ⲍⲍ | 𐌆 | ᛉ | Zz | Зз | ზ/ⴆ/Ⴆ | Զ/զ |
𐤇 | ḥēt | wall, courtyard | ḥ [ x] | 𓉗 or 𓈈 | ח | ح, خ | ሐ, ኀ | Ηη | Ⲏⲏ | 𐌇 | ᚺ/ᚻ | Hh | Ии, Йй | ი/ⴈ/Ⴈ | Ի/ի, Խ/խ |
𐤈 | ṭēt | wheel | ṭ [ t] | 𓄤 | ט | ط, ظ | ጠ | Θθ | Ⲑⲑ | 𐌈 | ᚦ | Þþ | ( Ѳѳ) | თ/ⴇ/Ⴇ | Թ/թ |
𐤉 | yad | hand, shovel, handle | y [ j] | 𓂝 | י | ي | የ | Ιι | Ⲓⲓ | 𐌉 | ᛁ | Ii, Jj | Іі, Її, Јј | ჲ | Յ/յ |
𐤊 | kap | palm of a hand, dustpan | k [ k] | 𓂧 | כך | ﻙ | ከ | Κκ | Ⲕⲕ | 𐌊 | ᚲ | Kk | Кк | კ/ⴉ/Ⴉ | Կ/կ |
𐤋 | lamed | goad | l [ l] | 𓌅 | ל | ﻝ | ለ | Λλ | Ⲗⲗ | 𐌋 | ᛚ | Ll | Лл | ლ/ⴊ/Ⴊ | Լ/լ |
𐤌 | mēm | water | m [ m] | 𓈖 | מם | ﻡ | መ | Μμ | Ⲙⲙ | 𐌌 | ᛗ | Mm | Мм | მ/ⴋ/Ⴋ | Մ/մ |
𐤍 | nūn | fish, serpent | n [ n] | 𓆓 | נן | ﻥ | ነ | Νν | Ⲛⲛ | 𐌍 | ᚾ | Nn | Нн | ნ/ⴌ/Ⴌ | Ն/ն |
𐤎 | sāmek | fishbone, fish, djed | s [ s] | 𓊽 | ס | س | ሰ | Ξξ, Χχ | Ⲝⲝ, Ⲭⲭ | 𐌎, 𐌗 | ᛊ,ᛋ | Xx | ( Ѯѯ), Хх | ს/ⴑ/Ⴑ | Ս/ս |
𐤏 | ʿēn | eye, water-spring | ʿ [ ʕ] | 𓁹 | ע | ع, غ | ዐ | Οο, Ωω | Ⲟⲟ, Ⲱⲱ | 𐌏 | ᛟ | Oo | Оо | ო/ⴍ/Ⴍ | Օ/օ |
𐤐 | pē | mouth, well | p [ p] | 𓂋 | פף | ف | ፐ, ፈ | Ππ | Ⲡⲡ | 𐌐 | ᛈ | Pp | Пп | პ/ⴎ/Ⴎ | Պ/պ |
𐤑 | ṣade | plant/sapling, fishnet, fishing hook | ṣ [ t͡s] | 𓇑 | צץ | ص, ض | ጸ, ጰ, ፀ | ( Ϻϻ) | – | 𐌑 | — | – | Цц, Чч, Џџ | ც/ⴚ/Ⴚ | Ց/ց |
𐤒 | qūp | needle eye | q [ q] | 𓃻 | ק | ﻕ | ቀ | ( Ϙϙ), Φφ, Ψψ | Ϥϥ, Ⲫⲫ, Ⲯⲯ | 𐌒, 𐌘, 𐌙 | – | ( Ҁҁ, Фф) | ქ/ⴕ/Ⴕ | Ք/ք, Փ/փ, Ֆ/ֆ | |
𐤓 | rūš | head, harpoon | r [ r] | 𓁶 | ר | ﺭ | ረ | Ρρ | Ⲣⲣ | 𐌓 | ᚱ | Rr | Рр | რ/ⴐ/Ⴐ | Ր/ր |
𐤔 | šīn | tooth, toothed knife | š [ ʃ] | 𓌓 | ש | ش, س | ሠ | Σσς | Ⲋⲋ, Ⲥⲥ, Ϣϣ | 𐌔 | ᛊ/ᛋ | Ss | Сс, Шш, Щщ | შ/ⴘ/Ⴘ | Շ/շ |
𐤕 | tāw | mark | t [ θ] | 𓏴 | ת | ت, ث | ተ | Ττ | Ⲋⲋ, Ⲧⲧ | 𐌕 | ᛏ | Tt | Тт | ტ/ⴒ/ | Տ/տ |
In addition, Coptic derived the following letters from Demotic script.
Demotic | Coptic | Phonetic value |
---|---|---|
Ϣ | š [ʃ] | |
Ϥ | [f] | |
Ϧ | [x] | |
Ϩ | [h] | |
Ϫ | j [ʤ] | |
Ϭ | c [kʲ], [cʰ], [ʃ], [tʃ, e̞tʃ] | |
Ϯ | [di], [ti] |