Trisyllabic laxing
Trisyllabic laxing, or trisyllabic shortening, is a process in English in which tense vowels (long vowels or diphthongs) become lax (short monophthongs) if they are followed by two syllables, and the first of the following syllables is unstressed. This generally involves words from Latin or Greek, particularly when suffixes are added, causing the tense vowel to become lax. It is complicated by the Great Vowel Shift, which caused tense vowels in stressed syllables to undergo significant changes, so that the pairing of tense and lax vowels in trisyllabic laxing do not seem phonologically intuitive, especially for those learning English as a second language.[1]
This should not be confused with the somewhat related phenomenon of trisyllabic deletion, whereby an unstressed syllable is deleted in natural speech, e.g., camera → "camra".
Contents
1 Basic patterns
Examples of the patterns are as follows.
| Tense vowel | → | Lax vowel | Example | Phonetic transcription |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| iː | → | ɛ | serene, serenity;
impede, impediment |
/sɪˈriːn, sɪˈrɛn.ɪ.ti/;
/ɪmˈpiːd, ɪmˈpɛd.ɪ.mənt/ |
| eɪ | → | æ | profane, profanity;
grateful, gratitude |
/proʊˈfeɪn, proʊˈfæn.ɪ.ti/
/ˈɡreɪt.fəl, ˈɡræt.ɪ.tjuːd/ |
| aɪ | → | ɪ | divine, divinity;
derive, derivative |
/dɪˈvaɪn, dɪˈvɪn.ɪ.ti/;
/dɪˈraɪv, dɪˈrɪv.ə.tɪv/ |
| aʊ | → | ʌ | profound, profundity;
pronounce, pronunciation; south, southern |
/proʊˈfaʊnd, proʊˈfʌn.dɪ.ti/;
/proʊˈnaʊns, proʊˌnʌn.siˈeɪ.ʃən/; /saʊθ, ˈsʌð.ərn/ |
| uː | → | α / ɔ | school, scholarly | /skuːl, ˈskαl.ər.li/ |
| oʊ | → | α / ɔ | provoke, provocative; sole, solitude | /proʊˈvoʊk, proʊˈvαk.ə.tɪv/;
/soʊl, ˈsαl.ɪ.tjuːd/ |
Note: Whether one shortens the /uː/ or /oʊ/ to /ɒ/, /ɔ/, /α/, or even /a/ depends on dialect or one's variety of English.
2 Background
One complexity of the English stress and vowel system is vowel laxing when suffixes are added, that is, when a long or tense vowel reduces to a lax or short vowel with the addition of certain suffixes. This is part of the Latin stress pattern that English has inherited, and can pose challenges for learners, especially for those at intermediate to advanced levels as they learn more academic English with Latinate word elements.
The affected syllable is often the second from the end (the penultimate syllable, denoted here as "-2"), with a tense (long) vowel. As other Latinate suffixes are added, the syllable is now the third syllable from the end ("-3"). Here the vowel shortens to a lax vowel, e.g.,
| Vowel = -2 | Vowel = -3 |
| nátion /neiʃən/ | nátional /næʃənəl/ |
| móde /mɔʊd/ | módule /mɔdyu:l/ |
The addition of certain additional suffixes, incidentally, can cause the original primary stress to reduce to a secondary stress, e.g.:
- nàtionálity
- mòdálity
3 Tense – lax or long – short alternations
Note the following tense-lax alternations in word formation. With the addition of new suffixes, the stress shifts, and the tense vowels can become lax when they are three syllables or more from the end of the word. This also happens sometimes with shorter words with the addition of -ic, -id.
3.1 Glided /ei/ - lax /æ/
| cave
chaste exclaim defame deprave grade grain grateful grave humane inflame nation nature |
cavity
chastity exclamatory defamatory depravity gradual granular gratitude gravity humanity inflammatory national, nationality natural |
navy
opaque page pale placate profane rabies sacred sane state table vain vapor |
navigate
opacity paginate pallid placid profanity rabid sacrament sanity static tabular vanity vapid
|
3.2 Glided /i:/ - lax /ɛ/
| appeal
athlete austere brief clean clear compete concede convene creed diabetes deceive discreet extreme heal |
appellative
athletic austerity* brevity cleanliness clarity* competitive concession convention credible diabetic deception discretion extremity health |
Hellene
hygiene intervene meter obscene perceive proceed recede receive repeat serene severe steal sincere supreme |
Hellenic
hygienic intervention metric obscenity perception procession recession reception repetitive serenity severity stealth sincerity* supremacy |
*Some of these are “r-colored” vowels, /ɛr/, that is, the vowel sound seems somewhat different due to the influence of the /r/.
3.3 Diphthong /ai/ - lax /ɪ/
| arthritis
Bible collide confide contrite crime cycle decide define dendrite derive describe divide divine elide expedite juvenile ignite inscribe line mime |
arthritic
biblical collision confident contrition criminal cyclical decision definitive dendritic derivative description division divinity elision expedition juvenility ignition inscription linear mimic |
mine
oblige parasite prescribe prime pyrite revise rite satire Semite senile sign saliva title transcribe triune type tyrant vile wide wild |
mineral
obligatory parasitic prescription primitive pyritic revision ritual satirical Semitic senility signal salivate titular transcription trinity typical tyranny vilify width wilderness |
Also, in British pronunciation of -ile as /ail/, we see alternations like hostile, hostility; futile, futility.
3.4 Glided /ou/ - lax /ɔ/
| code
compose cone cyclone episode evoke expose globe holy hypnosis joke know locate microbe microscope |
codify
composite conic cyclonic episodic evocative expository globular holiday hypnotic jocular knowledge locative microbic microscopic |
mode
neurosis omen ozone phone provoke psychosis solo symbiosis telephone telescope tone trope verbose vocal |
modular
neurotic ominous ozonic phonics provocative psychotic solitude symbiotic telephonic telescopic tonic tropical verbosity vocative |
3.5 tense /u:/ - lax /ʊ/
| adjudicate
assume consume crucify deduce duke induce numeral |
adjudge
assumption consumption crux deduction duchy induction number |
presume
produce punitive reduce repugn resume seduce |
presumption
production punish reduction repugnant resumption seduction |
4 Other alternations
There is also occasionally destressing of these vowels with the addition of a suffix, such as the negative suffix -in:
| famous
finite potent |
infamous
infinite impotent |
A few other such patterns also occur:
| pronounce
profound abstain maintain detain |
pronunciation
profundity abstinence, abstention maintenance detention |
pertain
persevere retain saline |
pertinent
perseveration retention salinity |
Possible variations or exceptions: Some speakers vary in whether they shorten these syllables in a few words; this can depend on dialect or personal style.
penalize, phonological, economic, equinox, equatorial, equilateral, equidistant, homophone, hologram, amenable, placable, granary, nascent, predicate, simultaneous, sonorous, ammonic, patronize, patronage, microbic, gnomic, Hellenic, hydrophobic, finitude, homicide, myopic
5 Notes
- ↑ Some of these contents in the first section are adapted from the Wikipedia article on trisyllabic laxing.
