|
|
| (One intermediate revision by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | One complexity of the English stress and vowel system is vowel laxing when suffixes are added, that is, when a long or tense vowel reduces to a lax or short vowel with the addition of certain suffixes. This is part of the Latin stress pattern that English has inherited, and can pose challenges for learners, especially for those at intermediate to advanced levels as they learn more academic English with Latinate word elements.
| |
| | | | |
| − | The affected syllable is often the second from the end (the penultimate syllable, denoted here as "-2"), with a tense (long) vowel. As other Latinate suffixes are added, the syllable is now the third syllable from the end ("-3"). Here the vowel shortens to a lax vowel, e.g.,
| + | #REDIRECT [[Vowel tense-lax stress alternations]] |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="apatable"
| |
| − | |- class="apatable"
| |
| − | | '''Vowel = -2'''
| |
| − | | '''Vowel = -3'''
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | nátion /neiʃən/ || nátional /næʃənəl/
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | móde /mɔʊd/ || módule /mɔdyu:l/
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | The addition of certain additional suffixes, incidentally, can cause the original primary stress to reduce to a secondary stress, e.g.:
| |
| − | : nàtionálity
| |
| − | : mòdálity
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ==Tense – lax or long – short alternations ==
| |
| − | | |
| − | Note the following tense-lax alternations in word formation. With the addition of new suffixes, the stress shifts, and the tense vowels can become lax when they are three syllables or more from the end of the word. This also happens sometimes with shorter words with the addition of ''-ic, -id. ''
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Glided /ei/ - lax /æ/ ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | {| style="border-spacing:0;margin:auto;width:175.9mm;"
| |
| − | |- style="border:none;padding:0.97mm;"
| |
| − | || cave
| |
| − | | |
| − | chaste
| |
| − | | |
| − | exclaim
| |
| − | | |
| − | defame
| |
| − | | |
| − | deprave
| |
| − | | |
| − | grade
| |
| − | | |
| − | grain
| |
| − | | |
| − | grateful
| |
| − | | |
| − | grave
| |
| − | | |
| − | humane
| |
| − | | |
| − | inflame
| |
| − | | |
| − | nation
| |
| − | | |
| − | nature
| |
| − | || cavity
| |
| − | | |
| − | chastity
| |
| − | | |
| − | exclamatory
| |
| − | | |
| − | defamatory
| |
| − | | |
| − | depravity
| |
| − | | |
| − | gradual
| |
| − | | |
| − | granular
| |
| − | | |
| − | gratitude
| |
| − | | |
| − | gravity
| |
| − | | |
| − | humanity
| |
| − | | |
| − | inflammatory
| |
| − | | |
| − | national, nationality
| |
| − | | |
| − | natural
| |
| − | ||
| |
| − | || navy
| |
| − | | |
| − | opaque
| |
| − | | |
| − | page
| |
| − | | |
| − | pale
| |
| − | | |
| − | placate
| |
| − | | |
| − | profane
| |
| − | | |
| − | rabies
| |
| − | | |
| − | sacred
| |
| − | | |
| − | sane
| |
| − | | |
| − | state
| |
| − | | |
| − | table
| |
| − | | |
| − | vain
| |
| − | | |
| − | vapor
| |
| − | || navigate
| |
| − | | |
| − | opacity
| |
| − | | |
| − | paginate
| |
| − | | |
| − | pallid
| |
| − | | |
| − | placid
| |
| − | | |
| − | profanity
| |
| − | | |
| − | rabid
| |
| − | | |
| − | sacrament
| |
| − | | |
| − | sanity
| |
| − | | |
| − | static
| |
| − | | |
| − | tabular
| |
| − | | |
| − | vanity
| |
| − | | |
| − | vapid
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | === Glided /i:/ - lax /ɛ/ ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | {| style="border-spacing:0;margin:auto;width:175.9mm;"
| |
| − | |- style="border:none;padding:0.97mm;"
| |
| − | || appeal
| |
| − | | |
| − | athlete
| |
| − | | |
| − | austere
| |
| − | | |
| − | brief
| |
| − | | |
| − | clean
| |
| − | | |
| − | clear
| |
| − | | |
| − | compete
| |
| − | | |
| − | concede
| |
| − | | |
| − | convene
| |
| − | | |
| − | creed
| |
| − | | |
| − | diabetes
| |
| − | | |
| − | deceive
| |
| − | | |
| − | discreet
| |
| − | | |
| − | extreme
| |
| − | | |
| − | heal
| |
| − | || appellative
| |
| − | | |
| − | athletic
| |
| − | | |
| − | austerity*
| |
| − | | |
| − | brevity
| |
| − | | |
| − | cleanliness
| |
| − | | |
| − | clarity*
| |
| − | | |
| − | competitive
| |
| − | | |
| − | concession
| |
| − | | |
| − | convention
| |
| − | | |
| − | credible
| |
| − | | |
| − | diabetic
| |
| − | | |
| − | deception
| |
| − | | |
| − | discretion
| |
| − | | |
| − | extremity
| |
| − | | |
| − | health
| |
| − | ||
| |
| − | || Hellene
| |
| − | | |
| − | hygiene
| |
| − | | |
| − | intervene
| |
| − | | |
| − | meter
| |
| − | | |
| − | obscene
| |
| − | | |
| − | perceive
| |
| − | | |
| − | proceed
| |
| − | | |
| − | recede
| |
| − | | |
| − | receive
| |
| − | | |
| − | repeat
| |
| − | | |
| − | serene
| |
| − | | |
| − | severe
| |
| − | | |
| − | steal
| |
| − | | |
| − | sincere
| |
| − | | |
| − | supreme
| |
| − | || Hellenic
| |
| − | | |
| − | hygienic
| |
| − | | |
| − | intervention
| |
| − | | |
| − | metric
| |
| − | | |
| − | obscenity
| |
| − | | |
| − | perception
| |
| − | | |
| − | procession
| |
| − | | |
| − | recession
| |
| − | | |
| − | reception
| |
| − | | |
| − | repetitive
| |
| − | | |
| − | serenity
| |
| − | | |
| − | severity
| |
| − | | |
| − | stealth
| |
| − | | |
| − | sincerity*
| |
| − | | |
| − | supremacy
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | <nowiki>*Some of these are “r-colored” vowels, /ɛr/, that is, the vowel sound seems somewhat different due to the influence of the /r/. </nowiki>
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | === Diphthong /ai/ - lax /ɪ/ ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | {| style="border-spacing:0;margin:auto;width:175.9mm;"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | || arthritis
| |
| − | | |
| − | Bible
| |
| − | | |
| − | collide
| |
| − | | |
| − | confide
| |
| − | | |
| − | contrite
| |
| − | | |
| − | crime
| |
| − | | |
| − | cycle
| |
| − | | |
| − | decide
| |
| − | | |
| − | define
| |
| − | | |
| − | dendrite
| |
| − | | |
| − | derive
| |
| − | | |
| − | describe
| |
| − | | |
| − | divide
| |
| − | | |
| − | divine
| |
| − | | |
| − | elide
| |
| − | | |
| − | expedite
| |
| − | | |
| − | juvenile
| |
| − | | |
| − | ignite
| |
| − | | |
| − | inscribe
| |
| − | | |
| − | line
| |
| − | | |
| − | mime
| |
| − | || arthritic
| |
| − | | |
| − | biblical
| |
| − | | |
| − | collision
| |
| − | | |
| − | confident
| |
| − | | |
| − | contrition
| |
| − | | |
| − | criminal
| |
| − | | |
| − | cyclical
| |
| − | | |
| − | decision
| |
| − | | |
| − | definitive
| |
| − | | |
| − | dendritic
| |
| − | | |
| − | derivative
| |
| − | | |
| − | description
| |
| − | | |
| − | division
| |
| − | | |
| − | divinity
| |
| − | | |
| − | elision
| |
| − | | |
| − | expedition
| |
| − | | |
| − | juvenility
| |
| − | | |
| − | ignition
| |
| − | | |
| − | inscription
| |
| − | | |
| − | linear
| |
| − | | |
| − | mimic
| |
| − | ||
| |
| − | || mine
| |
| − | | |
| − | oblige
| |
| − | | |
| − | parasite
| |
| − | | |
| − | prescribe
| |
| − | | |
| − | prime
| |
| − | | |
| − | pyrite
| |
| − | | |
| − | revise
| |
| − | | |
| − | rite
| |
| − | | |
| − | satire
| |
| − | | |
| − | Semite
| |
| − | | |
| − | senile
| |
| − | | |
| − | sign
| |
| − | | |
| − | saliva
| |
| − | | |
| − | title
| |
| − | | |
| − | transcribe
| |
| − | | |
| − | triune
| |
| − | | |
| − | type
| |
| − | | |
| − | tyrant
| |
| − | | |
| − | vile
| |
| − | | |
| − | wide
| |
| − | | |
| − | wild
| |
| − | || mineral
| |
| − | | |
| − | obligatory
| |
| − | | |
| − | parasitic
| |
| − | | |
| − | prescription
| |
| − | | |
| − | primitive
| |
| − | | |
| − | pyritic
| |
| − | | |
| − | revision
| |
| − | | |
| − | ritual
| |
| − | | |
| − | satirical
| |
| − | | |
| − | Semitic
| |
| − | | |
| − | senility
| |
| − | | |
| − | signal
| |
| − | | |
| − | salivate
| |
| − | | |
| − | titular
| |
| − | | |
| − | transcription
| |
| − | | |
| − | trinity
| |
| − | | |
| − | typical
| |
| − | | |
| − | tyranny
| |
| − | | |
| − | vilify
| |
| − | | |
| − | width
| |
| − | | |
| − | wilderness
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | Also, in British pronunciation of ''-ile'' as /ail/, we see alternations like ''hostile, hostility; futile, futility. ''
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | === Glided /ou/ - lax /ɔ/ ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | {| style="border-spacing:0;margin:auto;width:175.9mm;"
| |
| − | |- style="border:none;padding:0mm;"
| |
| − | || code
| |
| − | | |
| − | compose
| |
| − | | |
| − | cone
| |
| − | | |
| − | cyclone
| |
| − | | |
| − | episode
| |
| − | | |
| − | evoke
| |
| − | | |
| − | expose
| |
| − | | |
| − | globe
| |
| − | | |
| − | holy
| |
| − | | |
| − | hypnosis
| |
| − | | |
| − | joke
| |
| − | | |
| − | know
| |
| − | | |
| − | locate
| |
| − | | |
| − | microbe
| |
| − | | |
| − | microscope
| |
| − | || codify
| |
| − | | |
| − | composite
| |
| − | | |
| − | conic
| |
| − | | |
| − | cyclonic
| |
| − | | |
| − | episodic
| |
| − | | |
| − | evocative
| |
| − | | |
| − | expository
| |
| − | | |
| − | globular
| |
| − | | |
| − | holiday
| |
| − | | |
| − | hypnotic
| |
| − | | |
| − | jocular
| |
| − | | |
| − | knowledge
| |
| − | | |
| − | locative
| |
| − | | |
| − | microbic
| |
| − | | |
| − | microscopic
| |
| − | ||
| |
| − | || mode
| |
| − | | |
| − | neurosis
| |
| − | | |
| − | omen
| |
| − | | |
| − | ozone
| |
| − | | |
| − | phone
| |
| − | | |
| − | provoke
| |
| − | | |
| − | psychosis
| |
| − | | |
| − | solo
| |
| − | | |
| − | symbiosis
| |
| − | | |
| − | telephone
| |
| − | | |
| − | telescope
| |
| − | | |
| − | tone
| |
| − | | |
| − | trope
| |
| − | | |
| − | verbose
| |
| − | | |
| − | vocal
| |
| − | || modular
| |
| − | | |
| − | neurotic
| |
| − | | |
| − | ominous
| |
| − | | |
| − | ozonic
| |
| − | | |
| − | phonics
| |
| − | | |
| − | provocative
| |
| − | | |
| − | psychotic
| |
| − | | |
| − | solitude
| |
| − | | |
| − | symbiotic
| |
| − | | |
| − | telephonic
| |
| − | | |
| − | telescopic
| |
| − | | |
| − | tonic
| |
| − | | |
| − | tropical
| |
| − | | |
| − | verbosity
| |
| − | | |
| − | vocative
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | === tense /u:/ - lax /ʊ/ ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | {| style="border-spacing:0;margin:auto;width:175.9mm;"
| |
| − | |- style="border:none;padding:0.97mm;"
| |
| − | || adjudicate
| |
| − | | |
| − | assume
| |
| − | | |
| − | consume
| |
| − | | |
| − | crucify
| |
| − | | |
| − | deduce
| |
| − | | |
| − | duke
| |
| − | | |
| − | induce
| |
| − | | |
| − | numeral
| |
| − | || adjudge
| |
| − | | |
| − | assumption
| |
| − | | |
| − | consumption
| |
| − | | |
| − | crux
| |
| − | | |
| − | deduction
| |
| − | | |
| − | duchy
| |
| − | | |
| − | induction
| |
| − | | |
| − | number
| |
| − | ||
| |
| − | || presume
| |
| − | | |
| − | produce
| |
| − | | |
| − | punitive
| |
| − | | |
| − | reduce
| |
| − | | |
| − | repugn
| |
| − | | |
| − | resume
| |
| − | | |
| − | seduce
| |
| − | || presumption
| |
| − | | |
| − | production
| |
| − | | |
| − | punish
| |
| − | | |
| − | reduction
| |
| − | | |
| − | repugnant
| |
| − | | |
| − | resumption
| |
| − | | |
| − | seduction
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | ==Other alternations==
| |
| − | | |
| − | There is also occasionally destressing of these vowels with the addition of a suffix, such as the negative suffix ''-in'':
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| style="border-spacing:0;margin:auto;width:175.9mm;"
| |
| − | |- style="border:none;padding:0.97mm;"
| |
| − | || famous
| |
| − | | |
| − | finite
| |
| − | | |
| − | potent
| |
| − | || infamous
| |
| − | | |
| − | infinite
| |
| − | | |
| − | impotent
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | A few other such patterns also occur:
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| style="border-spacing:0;margin:auto;width:175.9mm;"
| |
| − | |- style="border:none;padding:0.97mm;"
| |
| − | || pronounce
| |
| − | | |
| − | profound
| |
| − | | |
| − | abstain
| |
| − | | |
| − | maintain
| |
| − | | |
| − | detain
| |
| − | || pronunciation
| |
| − | | |
| − | profundity
| |
| − | | |
| − | abstinence, abstention
| |
| − | | |
| − | maintenance
| |
| − | | |
| − | detention
| |
| − | ||
| |
| − | || pertain
| |
| − | | |
| − | persevere
| |
| − | | |
| − | retain
| |
| − | | |
| − | saline
| |
| − | || pertinent
| |
| − | | |
| − | perseveration
| |
| − | | |
| − | retention
| |
| − | | |
| − | salinity
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | Possible variations or exceptions: Some speakers vary in whether they shorten these syllables in a few words; this can depend on dialect or personal style.
| |
| − | <blockquote>
| |
| − | penalize, phonological, economic, equinox, equatorial, equilateral, equidistant, homophone, hologram, amenable, placable, granary, nascent, predicate, simultaneous, sonorous, ammonic, patronize, patronage, microbic, gnomic, Hellenic, hydrophobic, finitude, homicide, myopic
| |
| − | </blockquote>
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Phonology]]
| |
