Chicago Manual (parenthetical)

Chicago Manual of Style, Author-Date or Parenthetical style

The Chicago Manual of Style includes an author + date + page number system for parenthetical in-text citations, which is a more formal referencing system. This consists of parenthetical citations within the text of the form (Author Year) or (Author Year, page #), with a bibliography (end references, works cited) at the end with full information on the sources cited. The parenthetical author-date system is used in many humanities fields (e.g., history, philosophy, international studies), business, and sometimes in sciences and social sciences. This formal author-date-page system is illustrated below.

There also exists a more semi-formal notes and bibliography style, consisting of footnotes and a works cited section. This is used in humanities publications (e.g., less formal or less academic publications in literature, history, arts). The CM system, including the notes + bibliography style, can handle some more unusual source types that do not fit well in an author-date system such as the APA. For more details on the CM author-date or note-bibliography systems, refer to the CM website (http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org). In academic writing in history studies, the Turabian style may be used, which is very similar to CM. but there is also a footnote / endnote plus bibliography format.

• See also: Full guide to Chicago Manual notes+bibliography and parenthetical styles

1 Overview

The CM website lists the end reference format followed by an example of the corresponding in-text citation, and this format is used for the examples below. The author names can be enclosed in parentheses, or included in the sentence. Many of the examples below are from http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html.

In-text citation	(Pollan 2006, 99–100) or (Pollan 2006)
Citation example	Pollan (2006) explains how food products marketed as organic are also produced by large-scale agriculture methods that are not as healthy for the animals or as beneficial for the environment as one would expect.
Citation example	Food products that are marketed as organic are also produced by large-scale agriculture methods that are not as healthy for the animals or as beneficial for the environment as one would expect (Pollan 2006).
Works Cited	Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin.

2 Books

One author

In-text citation	(Pollan 2006, 99–100)
Works Cited	Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin.

Two or more authors

The authors' names are given in the parenthetical citation. In the works cited entry, the first author's name is written last name first (family name first), and other names are in normal order. For four or more authors, see below under journal articles (since so many authors mainly occur in journal articles rather than with books).

In-text citation	(Ward and Burns 2007, 52)
Works Cited	Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. 2007. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf.

Editors or other non-authors (translators, compilers, etc.)

In-text citation	(Lattimore 1951, 91–92)
Works Cited	Lattimore, Richmond, trans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Author plus editor or translator

In-text citation	(García Márquez 1988, 242–55)
Works Cited	García Márquez, Gabriel. 1988. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape.

Edited volume

In-text citation	(Kelly 2010, 77)
Works Cited	Kelly, John D. 2010. “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War.” In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui, Sean T. Mitchell, and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Republished source or secondary citation

In-text citation

(Cicero 1986, 35)

Works Cited

Cicero, Quintus Tullius. 1986. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship.” In Rome: Late Republic and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 33–46. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).

Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book

In-text citation	(Rieger 1982, xx–xxi)
Works Cited	Rieger, James. 1982. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi–xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Book published electronically

If you use the electronic version of a book, cite it with a URL (an access date is given only if one is required by your publisher or discipline). If page numbers are unavailable, a section title, chapter, or other identifier can be given.

In-text citation	(Austen 2007)
Works Cited	Austen, Jane. 2007. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle edition.
In-text citation	(Kurland and Lerner, chap. 10, doc. 19)
Works Cited	Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

3 Journal articles

Article in a print journal

The in-text citation includes the publication year and the specific page numbers that you consulted, if any. The end reference should list the page range for the entire article. After the journal title comes the journal volume number, the issue number in parentheses, a colon and the page numbers. If there is no known issue number, that can be omitted. For unpublished manuscripts, see the section below for other types of print sources.

In-text citation	(Weinstein 2009, 440)
Works Cited	Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104 (1):439–58.

Article in an online journal

Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. A DOI is a permanent ID that, when appended to http://dx.doi.org/ in the address bar of an Internet browser, will lead to the source. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Include an access date only if one is required by your publisher or discipline.

In-text citation	(Kossinets and Watts 2009, 411)
Works Cited	Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. 2009. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115:405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247.

Two or more authors

The authors' names are given in the parenthetical citation. In the works cited entry, the first author's name is written last name first (family name first), and other names are in normal order. For four or more authors, see below under journal articles (since so many authors mainly occur in journal articles rather than with books).

In-text citation	(Oliver and Barnes 2010)
Works Cited	Oliver, Mike, and Colin Barnes. 2010. "Disability studies, disabled people and the struggle for inclusion". British Journal of Sociology of Education 31 (5): 547-560.

Four or more authors

For the in-text citation, list the first author followed by ‘et al.’, and list all the authors in the end reference.

In-text citation	(Raghubar et al. 2010)
Works Cited	Raghubar, Kimberly P., Marcia A.Barnes, Steven A.Hecht. 2010. "Working memory and mathematics: A review of developmental, individual difference, and cognitive approaches." Learning and Individual Differences 20 (2): 110-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2009.10.005.

DOIs

A DOI (digital object identifier) is a permanent link to an online article, and functions like a permanent URL. DOIs for academic journal articles are often included in works cited entries in formal academic writing, e.g., when writing graduate school papers and dissertatations, and when writing research articles for such journals.

Works Cited

Raghubar, Kimberly P., Marcia A.Barnes, Steven A.Hecht. 2010. "Working memory and mathematics: A review of developmental, individual difference, and cognitive approaches." Learning and Individual Differences 20 (2): 110-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2009.10.005.

4 Popular periodical or newspaper articles

Newspaper and magazine articles may be cited in running text (“As Sheryl Stolberg and Robert Pear noted in a New York Times article on February 27, 2010, . . .”), and may be omitted from a reference list. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations. If you consulted the article online, include a URL; include an access date only if your publisher or discipline requires one. If no author is identified, begin the citation with the article title.

In-text citation	(Mendelsohn 2010, 68)
Works Cited	Mendelsohn, Daniel. 2010. “But Enough about Me.” New Yorker, January 25.
In-text citation	(Stolberg and Pear 2010)
Works Cited	Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. 2010. “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care Vote.” New York Times, February 27, 2010. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html.

Online artices

Tobar, Héctor. 2016. "Can Latinos Swing Arizona?" New Yorker, August 1, 2016. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/08/01/promise-arizona-and-the-power-of-the-latino-vote.

No authors

When no authors are listed, the works cited entry starts with the title, and the title will be cited in the text.

"Title of Article." year. Periodical Title, volume, no. issue: Pages.

"Title of Article." year. Periodical Title, Date. Pages / URL.

"How to hack into the Pentagon." 2018. Information Technology Security Review, March 2019.

5 Other print sources

Book review

In-text citation	(Kamp 2006)
Works Cited	Kamp, David. 2006. “Deconstructing Dinner.” Review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan. New York Times, April 23, Sunday Book Review. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html.

Thesis or dissertation

In-text citation	(Choi 2008)
Works Cited	Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.

Paper presented at a meeting or conference

In-text citation	(Adelman 2009)
Works Cited	Adelman, Rachel. 2009. “‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24.

Unpublished academic manuscripts

This would include unpublished academic research papers by researchers and scholars at a university or other institution.

Unpublished manuscript	West, Adam. "The Gotham City Hall building: Its design and history." Unpublished manuscript, March 11, 1959.
Online archive	Mays, Brian. 20222. "An Optimality account of stress patterns under pressure." Unpublished manuscript, November 2022 Rutgers Optimality Archive (ROA-4536). http://www.roa.rutgers.edu.

Physical archive or collection

For items in a library archive or other physical collection, or in an online archive (e.g., of unpublished manuscripts), the name of the collection or archive is included, and relevant information for its location or classification in the archive. If citing multiple items from one physical archive (e.g., a photo archive), the entire archive can be cited instead of all the item.

Archival item	Gerkin, Julia. 1982. Letter to John Smith dated 11 April. Gerkin Archive. HSSE Library, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Entire archive	Gerkin Archive. HSSE Library, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.

Item in a commercial database

For items retrieved from a commercial database, add the name of the database and an accession number following the facts of publication. In this example, the dissertation cited above is shown as it would be cited if it were retrieved from ProQuest’s database for dissertations and theses.

Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

For other types of manuscript collections, see also https://music.library.utoronto.ca/citing-theses-and-manuscripts-chicago-author-date. For other types of print sources, see also https://wac.colostate.edu/resources/writing/guides/chicago/ or the OWL website at https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/legal_public_and_unpublished_materials.html.

6 Electronic sources

Website

A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text (“As of July 19, 2020, the McDonald’s Corporation listed on its website . . .”). If a more formal citation is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject to change, include an access date or, if available, a date that the site was last modified. In the absence of a date of publication, use the access date or last-modified date as the basis of the citation.

In-text citation	(Google 2009)
Works Cited	Google. 2009. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11, 2020. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
In-text citation	(McDonald’s 2008)
Works Cited	McDonald’s Corporation. 2008. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19, 2020. http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.

Blog entry or web comment

Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text (“In a comment posted to The Becker-Posner Blog on February 23, 2010, . . .”), and they are commonly omitted from a reference list. If a reference list entry is needed, cite the blog post there but mention comments in the text only. (If an access date is required, add it before the URL; see examples elsewhere in this guide.)

In-text citation	(Posner 2010)
Works Cited	Posner, Richard. 2010. “Double Exports in Five Years?” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 21. http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/beckerposner/2010/02/double-exports-in-five-years-posner.html.

E-mail or text message

E-mail and text messages may be cited in running text (“In a text message to the author on March 1, 2010, John Doe revealed . . .”), and they are rarely listed in a reference list. In parenthetical citations, the term personal communication (or pers. comm.) can be used.

(John Doe, e-mail message to author, February 28, 2010)

Or

(John Doe, pers. comm.)

6.1 Online sources wiith no date or author

For a work with no author, start the works cited entry with the title. In the text, this can be cited with an abbreviated form of the title; e.g.: ".... The CEO reportedly embezzled one million euros from his company ("Masive fraud" 2019)." For undated materials, use "n.d." for "no date" in the works cited entry, and "n.d." can also be placed in the in-text citation; e.g.: "...., as stated in a recent online post (Smith, n.d.)."

No author

"How to hack into the Pentagon." 2018. Information Technology Security Review, March 2019.

"Massive fraud found at major tech company". 2019. International Tech Weekly, 12 May 2020.

No date

Smith, John. n.d. "Stop invoking this linguistic myth now!" Language Education Center, www.somewebsite.com/stop-invoking. Last accessed 21 May 2020.

7 See also

1. Chicago Manual, official website
2. Chicago Manual, complete guide

7.1 Other pages on referencing / citation systems:

  Academic versus non-academic sources

  APA (overview)

  APA guide

  Chicago Manual

  Chicago Manual (parenthetical)

  Citation systems

  Harvard style

  IEEE style

  MLA guide

  Popular sources

  Professional sources

  Reporting verbs

  Reporting verbs (introduction)

  Unreliable sources

  Writing literature reviews