Colloquialisms

Colloquialisms refer to expressions that are colloquial or informal, which are not incorrect, but are dispreferred, e.g., for academic and/or formal writing. Some of the terms below are more informal, general, or vague, and are less commonly used in academic writing; the more formal alternatives are preferred.

1 Nouns

In many contexts, these terms might be vague or too non-specific, and would be better if replaced by a more specific noun, which will depend on the context.

colloquial	more formal
person, people, someone (often vague)	individual, Canadians, researchers, subjects, voters, males, participants ...
thing	object, device, item, situation, circumstance, subject, element ...
man	males, (male) participants / subjects, male voters, etc.
women	females, (female) participants, etc.
part	portion, section, sector, segment, aspect
way (e.g., a way to do something)	manner, method, means, methodology, instrument, aspect

2 Light verbs

These are common, everyday verbs that are rather non-specific in meaning. These are distinguished from other verbs, in that (1) they are the first verbs learned in the language; (2) they have a great variety of meanings, and thus can be less specific semantically; and (3) they are often used in idioms, set expressions, and collocational expressions. In academic writing, many times it is better if these can be replaced with more specific verbs, and the choice will depend on the context. However, in set expressions like 'get married' it may be difficult to replace them.

light verb	more specific
be	exist, occur, equal, consist of, comprise (of), typify, appear, seem, tend...
have	possess, contain, exhibit ... In descriptive phrases, have can be replaced with with, e.g. "A patient who had the flu" → "A patient with the flu"
give	provide, yield, produce, lead to, impart...
do	perform, execute, carry out, implement, manage...
make	create, produce, facilitate...
go, run, come	proceed, journey, travel, progress, exceed...
set, put	place, position, arrange...

3 Phrasal verbs

When possible, phrasal verbs should be replaced with more formal verbs (of Latin origin). For example, many ESL students use find out when a better expression for formal writing would be discover, determine, ascertain. Since phrasal verbs often have many meanings, the choice will depend on the context.

phrasal verb	more specific
go out	exit, diminish, leave, depart, extinguish, cease, die, dim, expire, subside, decline, dwindle, recede, quit, retire, withdraw
go around	circumvent, circumnavigate, sidestep, ignore, rotate, gyrate, orbit, circumduct, twist, revolve, meander, ramble
take out	excise, remove, clear, exclude, omit, extirpate, destroy

4 Adjectives, adverbials, & other modifiers

In many contexts, these terms might be vague or too non-specific, and would be better if replaced by a more specific word, which will depend on the context.

colloquial	more formal
bad	negative, pejorative, poor, ineffective, adverse...
big, huge	large, significant, enormous, incredible, gargantuan, gigantic, massive
good	sufficient, excellent, optimal, ideal, studious, prime, positive, effective, beneficial
kind of, sort of	somewhat, slightly
a lot of, lots of	many, numerous, a large number / amount of

5 Transitional / connector expressions

colloquial	more formal
anyway	This is used informally for changing topics; in formal writing, simply starting a sentence with a full noun topic, or starting a new paragraph, will often suffice.
besides	More formal alternatives are ‘in addition to’ or ‘furthermore’ - e.g., “In addition to these factors, ...”.
like	is similar to; for example, such as
like this for example, for instance
nowadays	currently, recently
whether or not	whether